| The invasive shrub Lantana camara has emerged as one of the most problematic weeds worldwide, threatening biodiversity, reducing agricultural productivity, and altering ecosystem dynamics. Conventional management strategies—mechanical removal, chemical herbicides, and classical biological control—have often proven costly, environmentally unsustainable, or only partially effective. In this context, cell-free broth bioherbicides, derived from microbial metabolites clarified of viable cells, represent a promising and eco-friendly alternative. These formulations harness the phytotoxic potential of microbial secondary metabolites while eliminating risks associated with the release of live organisms.
This review synthesizes recent advances in the development of microbial bioherbicides, with a particular focus on their application against Lantana camara. We highlight the advantages of metabolite-based approaches, including target specificity, reduced environmental persistence, and compatibility with integrated weed management programs. Critical stages in the development pipeline are examined—ranging from microbial strain selection and metabolite discovery to characterization, formulation optimization, and deployment strategies. Special attention is given to efficacy assessments under greenhouse and field conditions, safety evaluations for non-target species, and regulatory frameworks governing biopesticide approval.
Furthermore, we identify key research gaps, such as the need for improved formulation stability under variable field conditions, deeper insights into modes of action, and strategies to mitigate potential resistance development. By consolidating current knowledge and outlining future directions, this review underscores the potential of cell-free microbial bioherbicides as sustainable, field-ready solutions for the effective management of Lantana camara and other invasive weeds.
Keywords: Lantana camara, Phytotoxic compounds, Biological weed control, Bioherbicide formulation, Environmental safety.
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