| There is a fresh sense of urgency to determine the causes of population decline and possible remedies due to the enormous losses experienced by animals over the last half-century. Our findings give the first compelling evidence that air pollution is a major problem on a wide scale. We demonstrate that the conservation of birds has reaped significant advantages from an air pollution rule that limited emissions of ozone precursors. It is challenging to describe the effects of air pollution on organisms in the field because exposure levels vary across place and time, and species reactions are complex and hard to separate from other environmental stresses. Given air pollution's extensive effects on human and environmental health, it is reasonable to assume that it will have significant, direct or indirect, and multi-mechanism effects on species. Politicians, city planners, and farmers may all benefit from a greater understanding of the effects of pollution on birds if they were to work together to protect these species and the ecological services they provide. Conservation efforts for bird species should be prioritized because their function as bioindicators is conditional on the availability of resources for ecological assessment and the characteristics of interest. Regardless, there must be a greater emphasis on studying interactions between contaminants because their nature is still unclear. Mitigation strategies are of paramount importance for protecting bird species since human-caused pollution and threats to these animals are only worsening. For conservationists and decision-makers, this chapter is a good place to start when comprehending the many birds face.
Keywords: Anthropogenic, Environmental stress, Habitat fragmentation, Pollution, Birds
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