| This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of environmental law and climate regulation, tracing their historical evolution from early health-focused ordinances to complex international frameworks addressing global environmental challenges. It delineates foundational legal principles, examines diverse regulatory mechanisms—including command-and-control and market-based instruments-and explores their implementation at international, national, and regional levels. The report critically assesses persistent enforcement and compliance challenges, highlights the pivotal role of judicial interpretation through landmark cases, and quantifies the socio-economic impacts of both environmental policies and climate inaction. Finally, it identifies emerging trends and future trajectories, emphasizing the evolving nature of environmental law towards time-bound, measurable goals and the increasing importance of climate litigation and green finance in shaping a sustainable future. |